David Friedman’s Substack • 170 implied HN points • 07 Jan 26
- When countries use the same money, trade deficits cause specie (gold) to flow and change domestic price levels, and those price changes naturally push trade back toward balance.
- Capital flows can offset trade imbalances, so a country can run a persistent trade deficit if it attracts enough foreign investment; equilibrium is reached when a country’s trade deficit equals its net capital inflow.
- In a multi-currency world exchange rates adjust quickly while price-level changes under a single currency affect debtors and creditors, and governments or central banks can temporarily intervene with reserves or money supply but cannot sustain those interventions forever.