Noahpinion • 18765 implied HN points • 04 Dec 25
- Innovation is a pipeline that moves from broad scientific ideas to specific sellable products, with universities, government labs, corporate R&D, and manufacturers each playing different roles and often handing work off across countries.
- China has built a highly vertically integrated, state-coordinated “whole-nation” system that links funding, research, and industry to control the entire innovation chain from basic science to commercialization.
- That system has produced huge R&D spending, rising high-quality scientific output, manufacturing dominance, and growing licensing revenues, meaning China is turning research money into marketable technologies faster and reshaping global tech competition.