The hottest Financial Instruments Substack posts right now

The intraday repo market shows how cash moves between banks and institutions. It's important because it helps maintain stability in the financial system.
Visual infographics can help people understand complex market flows clearly. They make the data accessible and engaging for everyone.
Tracking daily repo market timings is useful for understanding financial trends. It allows investors to make informed decisions based on current market conditions.

Demand for funding is very high right now, causing banks to struggle. This could lead to big changes in money markets by the end of the year.
Many traders are looking for ways to finance their stock trades, leading to more activity in repo markets. This means borrowing money using stocks as collateral is becoming common.
There's a big challenge with U.S. government debt right now. The banks need to buy up a lot of unwanted debt at a time when borrowing money is getting tougher.

Derivatives are financial tools that get their value from something else, like stocks or commodities. They don't have value on their own; their worth depends on the performance of the underlying asset.
Derivatives exist to help with risk management, leverage potential gains, and allow speculation on price movements. They can protect investments or amplify losses based on how they're used.
There are different types of derivatives, including futures, options, and swaps. Each has its own way of working, but all can increase financial risk if not used carefully.

High Stock Prices contributed to Black Monday 1987 panic.
Falling Dollar and inflation issues added to the market meltdown.
Portfolio Insurance, though not the sole cause, played a significant role in the crash.

Bank runs often reflect lack of confidence, and denials of trouble can signal trouble.
Tier 1 capital in banking is crucial for financial stability and ensuring debts are paid.
Alternative tier 1 capital, like AT1, provides a buffer in crises but can behave like debt or equity, impacting investors differently.

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Hybrids are financial instruments that combine debt and equity, making them tricky to analyze. It’s best to break them down into their components to truly understand their value.
Convertible debt is a common hybrid, where the lender can convert their loan into equity later. Treating it as just debt can mislead people into thinking it’s cheaper than it actually is.
Preferred stock is a tougher hybrid to handle and needs special consideration. It often doesn't fit neatly into the debt or equity categories like other hybrids.

Yes, betas can be negative. This means that adding a negative beta investment to a portfolio makes the overall risk lower.
A negative beta investment acts like insurance against risks that could harm other investments, like gold during inflation.
Expected returns on negative beta investments are usually less than the risk-free rate, reflecting the idea that you're paying for insurance with lower returns.

A Credit Default Swap (CDS) is like insurance for investors against a company or government defaulting on its debt. You pay a fee to protect your investment, and if they default, you get your money back.
The CDS market grew rapidly in the past two decades, with more people buying and selling these contracts, sometimes even on debts that didn't exist. This means lots of money was tied up in insuring potential defaults.
Investors use CDS not just for protection but also as a way to speculate and make money. If they think the default risk is going up, they can buy CDS now and sell them later for a higher price.

Employment derivatives were created to manage the risk of employment variability, but interest in them waned due to selling practices.
The concept of hedging employment rate risks with swaps was proposed, allowing companies to manage the unpredictability of their workforce.
Observable measures like PIBOR were introduced to gauge prevailing startup insanity and credibility spreads, contributing to the financialization of the employment relationship.