The hottest Middle East Substack posts right now

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Chartbook 392 Incoming from outer space: The geo-military radicalism of Iran v. Israel 2025.

Chartbook • 2575 implied HN points • 20 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Military conflict Geopolitics International relations Middle East
  1. The war between Israel and Iran is unique because the countries are 1000 miles apart and have no shared border. This means they can't directly confront each other on a front line, making the conflict more complex.
  2. Israel relies on advanced fighter jets to attack Iran, while Iran fires missiles back in retaliation. This kind of long-range warfare is unusual and showcases a new way countries are fighting wars.
  3. Missile defense systems, like Israel's Arrow, are becoming critical in this conflict. They can intercept missiles in space, marking a significant leap in military technology and strategy.

At the Symbol of Israeli Science, a Cost Too Vast to Calculate

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 1010 implied HN points • 30 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Conflict Studies Middle East Geopolitics Military Affairs
  1. A recent war with Iran caused a lot of destruction in Israel, with missiles hitting cities and research facilities. Many people were injured, and some were killed, highlighting the human cost of conflict.
  2. The Weizmann Institute, a key research center in Israel, suffered significant damage. This loss not only destroyed physical buildings but also years of valuable research that could have helped treat diseases like cancer.
  3. The devastation from the conflict shows how hard it is to measure the true cost of war. While some numbers can be counted, many personal stories and long-term impacts are much deeper and harder to assess.

I Write About Israel All The Time Because I Have To, Not Because I Want To

Caitlin’s Newsletter • 2267 implied HN points • 17 Feb 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Civil Rights Military Actions Middle East Political Commentary
  1. The situation in Gaza includes severe human rights violations and reports of torture. It's really troubling and many people feel compelled to speak out about it.
  2. Critics of Israel's actions often face accusations of antisemitism, which confuses the discussion about the state's actions with issues related to all Jewish people.
  3. Many people are frustrated with the political leaders who seem to support harmful actions against vulnerable populations, and it's important to hold them accountable regardless of their party.

Israel and Iran: Where Are We Now?

God's Spies by Thomas Neuburger • 100 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East International relations Conflict Geopolitics Diplomacy
  1. Israel has launched an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities, reportedly killing key military leaders and scientists. This move raises tensions in the region significantly.
  2. Iran has responded by launching drones towards Israel, marking a potential escalation of conflict. The situation remains very dynamic as both sides prepare for further actions.
  3. The future depends heavily on Iran's next steps; it could either remain cautious or retaliate forcefully, which could lead to a wider war in the Middle East.

Why I'm long-term bullish on the Middle East

Noahpinion • 24588 implied HN points • 18 Jan 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East International relations Geopolitics Conflict resolution Economic Development
  1. The Middle East is moving away from constant warfare, with many regions experiencing peace. This shift could lead to economic recovery as people focus on constructive opportunities.
  2. Technology and geography are becoming more favorable for the Middle East. Innovations like cheap solar power and desalination can help support growth in a region with traditionally limited resources.
  3. The region's demographics are shifting positively, providing a 'demographic dividend.' With a more balanced age structure, there is great potential for economic development and workforce growth in the coming years.
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Clarity After Iran Strike, as Israel Tries to Pivot to Nuclear Arc

Simplicius's Garden of Knowledge • 14008 implied HN points • 04 Oct 24
🌍 World Politics International relations Middle East Conflict analysis Nuclear policy Geopolitics
  1. Israel faced significant challenges with its air defenses when Iranian missile strikes were more successful than previous attacks. This suggests that Iran has been learning and improving its strategies.
  2. There's a mix of opinions about whether Iran was really trying to hit specific targets or just sending a message. Some believe the strikes were accurate while others think they were done to avoid major damage.
  3. Tensions are rising as Israel and the US are contemplating serious military responses against Iran, while Iran has managed to strengthen ties with other countries like Saudi Arabia amidst these conflicts.

When Iranian Missiles Interrupt Shabbat Dinner

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 3501 implied HN points • 21 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Conflict Middle East Geopolitics Security Terrorism
  1. Living in a place with missile threats means having bomb shelters is very normal, even required for new buildings. It’s a way to feel safer in a dangerous environment.
  2. During tensions, everyday activities like hosting a dinner become acts of courage and normalcy. People still want to enjoy life despite the fear around them.
  3. When air raid sirens go off, some people can quickly get to their own safe spaces while others must rush to public shelters, highlighting a divide in safety.

Starvation and Profiteering in Gaza (w/ Francesca Albanese) | The Chris Hedges Report

The Chris Hedges Report • 128 implied HN points • 25 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International Law Human Rights Middle East Genocide Colonialism
  1. The situation in Gaza is extremely dire, with many people facing starvation and suffering due to a siege imposed by Israel. Francesca Albanese emphasizes that other nations must recognize their duty under international law to aid Palestine and break the siege.
  2. Albanese points out that there are powerful corporations benefiting from the ongoing occupation and humanitarian crisis in Palestine. She is preparing a report that will reveal how these companies profit from the suffering of the Palestinian people.
  3. The global community is beginning to unite in awareness and support for Palestine, particularly among countries in the Global South. There is a growing recognition of the historical injustices of colonialism and calls for accountability and action against those who profit from these injustices.

Occult War

Daniel Pinchbeck’s Newsletter • 16 implied HN points • 24 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Middle East Military conflict Religion Geopolitics Esotericism
  1. The current conflicts in the Middle East may be influenced by deep-seated occult ideas rather than just politics or resources. Some believe that certain regions have hidden powers that factions want to control.
  2. There is a significant historical rivalry among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam that drives much of the ongoing violence. Each religion sees itself as the truest faith, which can lead to conflict with others.
  3. Some thinkers argue that monotheistic beliefs can promote a desire for power and dominance. This quest for a 'one true' faith may encourage division and violence among different groups.

Chris Hedges: War With Iran

The Chris Hedges Report • 469 implied HN points • 22 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics War Foreign Policy Middle East Military Diplomacy
  1. War can bring many unpredictable problems that are hard to control. Once it starts, things can spiral out of hand quickly.
  2. The past wars in the Middle East taught us that strong military actions may not bring peace or a good outcome. Ignoring local people's feelings can lead to more resistance.
  3. A war with Iran could lead to even more violence and retaliation, affecting many lives. The military doesn't seem prepared for what comes next.

The Ultimate Deception: How Trump and Bibi Outfoxed Iran

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 4780 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East Diplomacy Military Strategy International relations Conflict Studies
  1. Trump and Netanyahu were straightforward in their plans against Iran, avoiding complex political language. This clear communication was crucial in their strategy.
  2. Iran's top military leaders, who had threatened Israel, believed they were safe and went about their normal lives without fear. This showed a miscalculation of the threat posed by Israel.
  3. The consequence for Iran's leaders was severe, as they were ultimately targeted and eliminated, illustrating the risks of underestimating an opponent.

There Is No Good Reason for the U.S. to Join Israel's War on Iran

KERFUFFLE • 41 implied HN points • 19 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Military History International relations National Security Middle East
  1. Israel can handle its own military challenges with Iran. They have shown they can take out important targets without needing U.S. involvement.
  2. Iran isn't currently building nuclear weapons, and there’s no solid evidence suggesting they are a threat right now. The situation is more about politics than actual danger.
  3. Getting involved in a war with Iran wouldn't benefit the U.S. It risks American lives while serving the interests of powerful leaders, rather than the general public.

Was Iran’s Nuclear Program ‘Obliterated’—or Just Set Back a Few Months?

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 792 implied HN points • 26 Jun 25
🌐 International Nuclear policy Military Action Middle East Diplomatic Relations
  1. A report suggests that U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran's nuclear program had only minor effects, raising questions about their overall impact.
  2. The strikes targeted key facilities associated with Iran's nuclear efforts, including offices linked to a prominent scientist.
  3. Experts and agencies are now trying to determine exactly how much progress Iran's nuclear program has lost due to these military actions.

Precision and Perfection

Pieter’s Newsletter • 259 implied HN points • 28 Oct 24
🌍 World Politics Middle East Military Strategy International relations Conflict analysis Geopolitics
  1. Israel's recent attack on Iran was smart and planned, aiming to weaken Iran's defenses without causing much harm to civilians.
  2. The attack has raised doubts about Iran's leadership and how they protect their citizens, leading to growing discontent among the Iranian people.
  3. The situation highlights a stark contrast between Israel's modern military and Iran's struggling forces, showing a potential for change in the region.

What's Left to Say?

Unpopular Front • 132 implied HN points • 17 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Trump administration Middle East Diplomacy Nuclear proliferation
  1. Trump's foreign policy is mostly just reacting to events, with no clear strategy. This makes it hard to achieve any long-term goals.
  2. The relationship between Trump and Netanyahu may lead to dangerous outcomes, like conflicts in the Middle East and destabilization for the U.S.
  3. There's a risk that ongoing tensions and conflicts will push countries to seek nuclear weapons for security, making the world a more dangerous place.

Israel and Nuclear Weapons

John’s Substack • 5 implied HN points • 03 Mar 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Nuclear Politics Middle East Security Studies Geopolitics
  1. Israel has a nuclear deterrent that plays a crucial role in its national security. This means that having nuclear weapons helps protect Israel from potential threats.
  2. The competition between Israel and Iran is significantly influenced by nuclear weapons. This rivalry affects both countries' strategies and military decisions.
  3. Understanding how nuclear weapons shape international relations is key to grasping the complexities of Middle Eastern politics. It adds another layer to the security concerns in the region.

The Shadow Commander Edition

Why is this interesting? • 482 implied HN points • 12 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Geopolitics International relations Middle East Military Strategy
  1. Qassem Soleimani was a powerful figure in the Middle East who influenced many conflicts, but most people didn't know who he was. His methods involved quiet diplomacy and personal connections rather than flashy displays of power.
  2. Soleimani built a complex network of militias that depended on his relationships and the stories he told. His approach showed that personal influence can sometimes be more powerful than formal agreements.
  3. After his death, the network he created began to weaken. This highlights that even intricate systems can unravel without strong leadership and the personal relationships that fueled them.

Matti Friedman: After the Bombs

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 1131 implied HN points • 22 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Middle East Military Affairs Nuclear policy Geopolitics
  1. Recent U.S. Air Force attacks have created a sense of significant change in the Middle East. People feel hopeful that these actions might help stabilize the region.
  2. There's a belief that successfully damaging Iran's nuclear program could bring freedom to its people and potentially impact the wider Middle East.
  3. Many see this moment as a potential turning point for millions in the region and for those watching globally.

Niall Ferguson: Israel’s Attack Restores the Credibility of the West

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 2944 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Conflict Studies Military Strategy Geopolitics Middle East
  1. Israel recently launched a major military operation against Iran, marking a new phase in their ongoing conflict. This involved air strikes and targeted assassination strikes against key Iranian military figures.
  2. The attacks were extensive, with hundreds of strikes involving around 200 fighter jets. Israel's approach shows they are willing to engage in significant military action.
  3. Iran's leadership has responded aggressively, warning of painful retaliation, and there are ongoing fears of escalating violence within Israel itself.

Garry Kasparov: Israel Refuses to Accept the World As It Is

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 1975 implied HN points • 17 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Geopolitics Conflict International relations Security Middle East
  1. Israel has recently launched a significant military campaign against Iran's nuclear program, marking a critical shift in geopolitical stability.
  2. The Israeli strikes have not only weakened Iran militarily but have also caused political turmoil, affecting high-ranking officials in Tehran.
  3. There are concerns about the potential consequences of Israel's actions, with some predicting risks of escalation and calls for regime change, but the status quo may have been an illusion all along.

Bombs Rain Down—and a Divided Israel Unites Behind the War

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 2388 implied HN points • 15 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Conflict Studies Geopolitics War Analysis Middle East
  1. Israelis are feeling a loss of hope that outside help will come to save them, and they realize they have to rely on themselves in this tough time.
  2. The sound of war has completely changed the atmosphere in Israel, where once peaceful nights are now filled with the noise of jets and missile attacks.
  3. Families are having to find safety together during air raids, which shows how the conflict is impacting daily life for everyone involved.

Everything You Need to Know About the Iran Attack

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 2786 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East International relations Military Action Terrorism Geopolitics
  1. Israel launched a significant military strike against Iran, targeting its nuclear program and military leaders. This surprise attack marks a major escalation in the conflict between the two nations.
  2. There are high tensions as Iran has promised to retaliate for the strikes. Israel is preparing for possible attacks in response to its actions.
  3. Experts believe this event could change the dynamics of the Middle East and reduce the threat of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, but it also raises risks of further conflict.

Only 3% Of Jewish Israelis Think Trump's Ethnic Cleansing Plan For Gaza Is Immoral

Caitlin’s Newsletter • 2440 implied HN points • 05 Feb 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Public Opinion Foreign Policy Middle East Human Rights Social Issues
  1. A small percentage, only 3%, of Jewish Israelis view Trump's plan for Gaza as immoral. This highlights a significant difference in perspectives regarding morality in relation to political actions.
  2. A majority of Jewish Israelis support the controversial plan to relocate the Palestinian population from Gaza. This reflects a broader societal attitude towards Palestinians, where many see them as less deserving of rights.
  3. This lack of empathy and understanding has consequences that extend beyond politics, affecting social values and perceptions within Israeli society. It suggests a deep-seated issue of moral awareness that influences various aspects of life.

Tiffany Trump's Big Moment: Finally!

Vicky Ward Investigates • 459 implied HN points • 24 Oct 24
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Elections Political Campaigns Public Opinion Middle East
  1. Tiffany Trump's pregnancy is seen as a strategic move for Donald Trump to connect with Arab American voters in Michigan. This could help him gain support in a key swing state.
  2. Michael Boulos, Tiffany's husband, has a Lebanese background which adds a new dimension to Trump's political outreach. Trump's comments show an attempt to appeal to the Arab community while maintaining his stance on foreign policy.
  3. The influence of Michael's father, Massad Boulos, is growing. He is actively lobbying for Trump's campaign and could play a significant role in future political dynamics.

Did Iran Just Sneak Out Critical Nuclear Material from Fordow?

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 709 implied HN points • 23 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Nuclear policy Middle East Military Action Diplomacy
  1. Iran moved 16 cargo trucks to its Fordow nuclear site just before a US attack, sparking concerns about their contents.
  2. Experts worry that Iran may have secretly relocated critical nuclear materials before the bombing.
  3. The US's military strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities were claimed to be a success, but the situation is more complex than it seems.

Towards a Greater Middle Eastern War & Defeat in Ukraine

Glenn’s Substack • 1039 implied HN points • 24 Sep 24
🌍 World Politics Middle East Ukraine International relations Military Strategy Geopolitics
  1. The conflict in Gaza is spreading and could bring in more countries, which worries local leaders facing protests for not being tougher against Israel and the US.
  2. Ukraine is struggling with a lack of resources, and the situation is getting worse as public support is fading and political divisions grow.
  3. Both the Middle East and Ukraine are heading towards major wars, and the US seems to lack a clear plan to deal with these rising tensions.

Ceasefire or Not, Iran Looks for Ways to Reduce the Risk of a U.S. Reprisal

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 505 implied HN points • 24 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Military Conflicts Middle East Diplomacy U.S. foreign policy
  1. Iran launched missiles at a U.S. military base in Qatar after the U.S. attacked Iranian nuclear sites. This act raised concerns about escalating military conflict in the region.
  2. Despite a ceasefire announcement by former President Trump, it was reported that Iran had not confirmed such an agreement and was considering further retaliation.
  3. U.S. officials were skeptical about Iran adhering to the ceasefire, expressing doubt that it would bring lasting peace and stability.

The Last Days of Gaza

The Chris Hedges Report • 1109 implied HN points • 09 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Human Rights Middle East Political Conflict Civil Rights
  1. Many people in Gaza are suffering greatly, lacking basic needs like food, water, and medicine. The situation has become extremely desperate and dangerous for everyone there.
  2. Some actions being taken appear to manipulate and control the starving population instead of genuinely helping them. This is compared to historical instances of mass suffering and deception.
  3. The ongoing tragedy in Gaza is causing deep scars that will not easily be forgotten. People may later try to rewrite history to avoid facing their roles in the situation.

What Happens If Iran’s Regime Collapses?

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 496 implied HN points • 23 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East Regime Change Democracy International relations Conflict
  1. There's a growing possibility that Iran's regime may collapse, especially after recent military actions and calls for change from figures like Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah's son.
  2. History shows that regime changes don't always lead to stable governments. For example, past changes in Libya and Egypt resulted in chaos and conflict.
  3. Recent protests and movements in Iran suggest that many people are seeking democracy, making the current situation in Iran different from previous regime changes.

Jordan And Egypt Snub Trump's Ethnic Cleansing Plan

Caitlin’s Newsletter • 2184 implied HN points • 28 Jan 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Political Commentary Human Rights Middle East Public Opinion
  1. Jordan and Egypt have rejected a plan by Trump to relocate Palestinians from Gaza to their countries. Both nations emphasize their support for Palestinians staying on their land.
  2. There is concern that Trump may still attempt to pressure these nations into compliance with his plan. The resistance from Jordan and Egypt suggests significant challenges for achieving that goal.
  3. There is a critique of how political and media classes share similar views, limiting diverse perspectives and accountability regarding issues like the treatment of Palestinians.

Matti Friedman: A Siren. And a New Middle East.

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 1307 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East Conflict International relations Military Security
  1. Israelis are used to hearing sirens that warn them about incoming rocket attacks, which happen pretty often.
  2. Recently, a siren sounded, but this time it meant something different, highlighting a shift in the situation.
  3. The ongoing conflict in the Middle East has been intense, especially since the regional war started in October 2023.

They're Still Slaughtering Civilians In Gaza

Caitlin’s Newsletter • 1634 implied HN points • 31 Jan 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Human Rights Military Action Middle East Conflict resolution
  1. Many Palestinians are still being killed in Gaza, even after a ceasefire was announced. The ongoing violence raises concerns about the true nature of this supposed ceasefire.
  2. Palestinian lives are often viewed as less valuable compared to Israeli lives. This unequal perspective contributes to the ongoing violence and suffering in the region.
  3. There are troubling instances of dehumanization where Palestinians are seen as expendable. This mindset can lead to tragic outcomes, such as the killing of innocent civilians, including children.

The Folly of A War With Iran

The Chris Hedges Report • 548 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Geopolitics Military International relations Middle East Conflict
  1. A war with Iran could lead to severe consequences, as Iran has strong military alliances and resources, making it a tough opponent. It wouldn't be an easy conflict for Israel or the U.S.
  2. The potential conflict might not only distract from human rights issues in Gaza and the West Bank, but also escalate tensions in the entire region, possibly making alliances stronger between Iran, Russia, and China.
  3. Past military interventions have often resulted in unforeseen complications and long-term struggles. The belief that a quick military solution will work against Iran ignores the lessons learned from previous wars.

‘Trump Is the Decider’: Inside the Fight over the Administration’s Iran Policy

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 885 implied HN points • 16 Jun 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Foreign Policy Trump administration Military Strategy Political Factions Middle East
  1. There are two main groups within Trump's political circle: those who want less military involvement and those who support staying engaged, especially with Iran as a key issue.
  2. The debates between these groups are intense because they see the situation in Iran differently, with some viewing it as a risky war while others see it as a necessary fight against a nuclear threat.
  3. Recent comments from significant figures, like Tucker Carlson and Senator Rand Paul, highlight concerns about potential escalation into larger conflicts, indicating the stakes are high.

The Saturday Read: Blasted skylines

The Saturday Read • 459 implied HN points • 19 Oct 24
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Middle East Conflict Leadership International relations Human Rights
  1. Yahya Sinwar, the leader of Hamas, was killed by Israeli forces, highlighting ongoing violence in Gaza. His death might temporarily limit the threat from Hamas, but deep issues remain unresolved for both sides.
  2. A kibbutz resident expressed that after recent violence, his focus has shifted solely to protecting his own family rather than helping those in Gaza. This shows the intense personal strife and survival mindset amidst conflict.
  3. The region faces a complex situation where even after Sinwar's death, the future remains uncertain. It raises concerns about possible retaliation and the rebuilding of Gaza, which has suffered immense destruction.

Michael Oren: Is Israel About to Strike Iran’s Nuclear Facilities?

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 955 implied HN points • 12 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics International relations Conflict Nuclear policy Geopolitics Middle East
  1. Israel may be considering a military strike on Iran's nuclear sites soon. There are signs that tensions are rising in the region.
  2. The International Atomic Energy Agency has condemned Iran for not keeping its nuclear promises, which has added urgency to the situation.
  3. The U.S. is reacting by evacuating nonessential staff from its embassy in Baghdad and warning its diplomats in Israel to stay put.

Special Edition: The War That Could Change the World

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 825 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Conflict Middle East Geopolitics International relations Security
  1. Israel is currently facing attacks from Iran, leading many people to seek shelter. This situation could significantly impact the region and the world.
  2. Historian Niall Ferguson and other experts will provide insights on the conflict, which are important for understanding its historical and political context.
  3. The dynamics of U.S. political support for Israel are changing, with key figures like Donald Trump taking strong positions, which may affect future relations.

Thoughts On The Ceasefire Deal

Caitlin’s Newsletter • 2514 implied HN points • 16 Jan 25
🇺🇸 U.S. Politics Middle East Political Analysis International relations Elections Peace efforts
  1. Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire deal that takes effect soon, but there's been violence leading up to it. This makes the situation very dangerous for people in Gaza right now.
  2. Trump's team played a key role in this ceasefire, and some believe that his victory is actually better for Gaza than Biden's administration, which didn't act decisively to stop the violence.
  3. There's a glimmer of hope that the ongoing suffering in Gaza might finally be easing, but the overall fight for peace and justice is far from over. People are allowing themselves to feel hope, even if it's challenging.

How the Iran Strikes Seal Netanyahu’s Legacy

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 792 implied HN points • 13 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East International relations Geopolitics Conflict Security
  1. Netanyahu views himself as the protector of Israel's security, which has defined his time in office. He believes that Iran poses the biggest threat to Israel, especially with its ambitions for nuclear weapons.
  2. The conflict between Netanyahu and Iranian leader Khamenei symbolizes a larger struggle in the Middle East, focusing on Israel's existence versus Iran's desire to eliminate it.
  3. Netanyahu's political survival has been linked to his tough stance against Iran, allowing him to remain in power despite various crises.

Will Destroying Iran’s Nuclear Program Require a ‘Medieval Battle’?

Common Sense with Bari Weiss • 519 implied HN points • 18 Jun 25
🌍 World Politics Middle East Nuclear Issues Conflict Diplomacy Intelligence
  1. Israel might need to launch long air strikes on Iran to destroy its nuclear facilities, especially if the U.S. doesn't help.
  2. In 2018, Israeli spies found a lot of documents that revealed Iran's secret nuclear weapon plans, showing that they were more complicated than thought.
  3. Many undeclared nuclear sites across Iran could be hiding sensitive equipment or materials, making it harder to track their nuclear activities.