The hottest Substack posts right now

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The only thing worse than sweatshops is no sweatshops

Noahpinion • 28000 implied HN points • 30 Jul 25
đź’Ľ Business Globalization Economics Labor Development Manufacturing
  1. Sweatshops can help poor countries grow economically by providing jobs and reducing poverty. Even if the working conditions are tough, these jobs often help lift people out of extreme poverty.
  2. While many believe sweatshops exploit workers, it's important to recognize that they also offer opportunities for growth. Closing these factories could worsen the situation for the workers instead of improving it.
  3. Activism can improve working conditions in sweatshops, but it must be done carefully. If the focus is too much on shutting down sweatshops, it could harm the very people it's trying to help.

Movers, Shakers, & Money Makers (10/28)

Human Capitalist • 19 implied HN points • 29 Oct 24
đź’Ľ Business Career Changes Talent Acquisition Corporate News Market Trends
  1. There were many job changes last week, highlighting the dynamic nature of the job market. People are moving to different companies for various reasons, which shows how interconnected industries are.
  2. Notable moves include individuals transitioning to leadership roles in different sectors, such as marketing and compliance. These shifts can indicate a focus on growth and adaptation in their new companies.
  3. Keeping track of job changes can be important for investors, recruiters, and anyone interested in talent trends. Following job movements helps understand who is leading in different areas.

Emulating future RISC-V Vector extensions

Fprox’s Substack • 145 implied HN points • 08 Mar 26
đź•ą Technology Compilers Open Source Performance Software Development Computer Architecture Embedded Systems
  1. You can emulate proposed RISC‑V Vector extensions by translating them into RVV 1.0 intrinsics, so programs using new instructions can run on existing RVV1.0 hardware without compiler or hardware support for the new ops.
  2. The generated emulation is functional and easy to run but not optimal: the code is verbose and much slower than a dedicated hardware implementation, though it still lets you measure real performance and iterate on designs.
  3. The tool is Python‑driven and open source, already supports several draft extensions, and is useful for extension designers and early application developers to prototype and test features before toolchain or hardware support exists.

The Q-Day Edition

Why is this interesting? • 1025 implied HN points • 05 Feb 26
đź•ą Technology Intelligence Data Privacy National Security Espionage Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Cryptography
  1. Nation-states are quietly collecting huge amounts of encrypted data today that they can’t read now, betting that future quantum computers will let them decrypt it later.
  2. That strategy flips the usual logic: instead of information losing value over time, encrypted data can become more valuable as quantum advances approach.
  3. This reality forces a rethink of security and policy — we need post-quantum encryption and stronger counterintelligence because many current secrets are effectively already compromised even if they remain unreadable today.

The Next Phase of Crypto

DeFi Education • 1338 implied HN points • 27 Aug 24
đź”® Crypto Market Trends Investing DeFi Blockchain
  1. The value in the crypto world is moving from blockchains to applications. People are more likely to use services that are user-friendly and cost-effective, instead of focusing on how the technology behind them works.
  2. As blockspace becomes more available and costs decrease, successful crypto projects will likely be the ones that offer the best applications and services. It's important to focus on investing in these applications rather than just the big blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum.
  3. Decentralization is important in crypto, but it's also okay for corporations to build applications as long as they respect the principles of openness and equality. Anyone can learn to create something valuable in crypto, which makes it accessible for everyone.
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Chartbook 431 Convening, staging, acting ... and was it never about Greenland and mainly about the Fed? Which Davos-theory won?

Chartbook • 1874 implied HN points • 24 Jan 26
đź’Ľ Business Capital Markets Economic Policy Institutional Investors Global Governance Political Influence Corporate Power
  1. Davos works as a three-part effect: it convenes big money, stages attention-grabbing performances, and gives politicians a shared platform to act, and it’s the interaction of all three that can create real influence.
  2. Big businesses mostly stayed publicly silent toward MAGA, not necessarily out of agreement but out of fear of retaliation and because corporate-led forums carry deep conflicts of interest.
  3. The decisive force may have been markets and Fed-related concerns rather than the Greenland issue itself, with BlackRock’s visibility and bond investors’ warnings amplifying political pressure and shaping choices about the Fed.

TBM 408: Basic Links

The Beautiful Mess • 714 implied HN points • 25 Feb 26
đź’Ľ Business Roadmap Teams Research Product Strategy Metrics Outcomes
  1. Shipping creates the potential for outcomes rather than delivering final results, and each change starts a chain of hypotheses and assumptions you must test. Uncertainty in those links is normal and points to where you need to learn or take a leap.
  2. Changes usually set off multiple impact paths that affect different users, metrics, and timeframes. Start with clear, actionable inputs, name the immediate effects you expect, and connect those to longer-term outcomes.
  3. Strategy and research help you choose where to act, form causal hypotheses, and decide what signals to measure instead of only chasing lagging metrics. Build a roadmap of researched options, set goals for actions or early signals as well as long-term results, and iterate.

Why Cowork can’t work

benn.substack • 2250 implied HN points • 16 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology Automation Machine Learning AI User Experience Future work Software Development
  1. AI coding tools work because people care that code runs, not how it looks, so opaque machine-written code is acceptable as long as it delivers results.
  2. Bringing agent-style AI to everyday tasks like email and slides is harder because those outputs carry personal voice and identity, and current models struggle to reliably mimic individual people.
  3. Rather than true collaboration, work is shifting toward machines mediating a shared repository of context and decisions, turning human-to-human exchanges into AI‑intermediated, confederated workflows.

AI 2028: Civil disturbance

Philosophy bear • 135 implied HN points • 13 Mar 26
đź•ą Technology Surveillance Society Labor Security Regulation Economy AI
  1. AI will rapidly improve and flood online spaces, making human-created content hard to tell apart from machine output. That will devalue creative work, threaten many white-collar jobs, and destabilize economies and internet culture.
  2. AI will enable mass automated surveillance and concentrate power in huge companies and states. That creates new tools for doxxing, political targeting, and a security-driven arms race that deepens polarization.
  3. Rising economic pain and cultural collapse will drive fierce anti-AI resistance that could merge with other political movements around elections. People should build local unions and community ties, stay informed about AI, and push for safety, regulation, and democratic control.

Introducing the Substack TV app, now in beta

Substack • 2027 implied HN points • 22 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology Product Media Platforms Video Apps Streaming
  1. Substack launched a TV app (beta) for Apple TV and Google TV so subscribers can watch creators' video posts and livestreams on the big screen.
  2. Creators don’t need to do anything — videos appear automatically for signed-in subscribers, and both free and paid users get access matched to their subscription level, though paid-content previews for free users aren’t supported yet.
  3. The app starts with essentials like a For You row and dedicated subscription pages for reliable, high-quality viewing, and Substack plans to add audio/read-alouds, search, paid previews, in-app upgrades, and show sections over time.

Claude Code and What Comes Next

One Useful Thing • 3582 implied HN points • 07 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology Productivity Artificial Intelligence Software Development Automation Developer Tools Machine Learning
  1. Modern AI agents can work autonomously for long stretches, self-correcting and delivering complete, runnable products like deployed websites with very little human input.
  2. Techniques such as compaction, reusable Skills, and spawning subagents let these AIs overcome memory limits and swap in specialized tools and models to handle complex, multi-step work.
  3. These tools are currently aimed at programmers but have broad potential to reshape knowledge work, so people should experiment with them while being careful about risks like data access, buggy outputs, and security.

I've built a city, now it needs residents!

polymathematics • 153 HN points • 27 Sep 24
đź•ą Technology Software Innovation Community Collaboration Internet
  1. Greenwich is a new app that creates a secret network of links on the internet. It lets users find and share interesting webpages with each other like hidden subway stations.
  2. Anyone can join as a resident of Greenwich and help contribute links to webpages. This means that users can see others' suggestions and discover related content more easily.
  3. The idea is to make the internet feel more alive and connected, allowing people to share interesting recommendations instead of relying on algorithms like on social media.

How China Became the World’s Biggest Shipbuilder

Construction Physics • 28185 implied HN points • 18 Jul 25
đź’Ľ Business Global Trade Manufacturing Economics Supply Chain International relations
  1. China is now the biggest shipbuilder in the world, producing over half of all commercial ships. This growth followed years of effort and investment in the shipbuilding industry.
  2. China's shipbuilding journey began in the 1970s after it recovered from the impact of war, and it steadily improved by learning from foreign technology and practices. Over time, it started producing more complex ships.
  3. Despite its current dominance, China still faces challenges in ship quality and efficiency compared to industry leaders. They are working on improving these areas to maintain their competitive edge.

Group Technology, the Forgotten Cousin of Lean Manufacturing

Construction Physics • 24010 implied HN points • 07 Aug 25
đź’Ľ Business Efficiency Process Improvement Management Manufacturing
  1. Group Technology helps factories work better by grouping similar parts together, which makes production faster and less wasteful. This method reduces the time machines spend being set up and moving parts around.
  2. Originally popular in the 1980s, Group Technology is similar to Lean methods, but it lost favor because other systems offered similar benefits with less focus on complicated paperwork. Lean became more popular and easier to understand.
  3. Despite its decline, some industries like shipbuilding still use Group Technology effectively. This shows that while trends change, good ideas can remain useful in specific contexts.

Seedance, Kling and the Chinese AI Video Ecosystem

ChinaTalk • 770 implied HN points • 13 Feb 26
đź•ą Technology AI E-commerce Platforms Content Moderation Social media Regulation
  1. China has enacted strict, preemptive rules that require visible labels and embedded metadata for AI-generated images, audio, and video, making it one of the few countries to mandate upstream identification of synthetic media.
  2. Those rules are poorly enforced in practice because many generators don’t embed compatible metadata, platforms compete to avoid being the strictest gatekeeper, and takedown efforts only address a tiny fraction of the content flowing online.
  3. The government and platforms tolerate some unlabeled AI content because generative video fuels commerce, entertainment growth, and state-friendly messaging, so economic and geopolitical incentives often outweigh strict enforcement.

đź•› The Doomsday Clock is a myth machine

Faster, Please! • 2102 implied HN points • 28 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology Tech Policy AI Energy Ethics Risk Governance
  1. AI is being mythologized as a techno-god or existential threat instead of seen as a human-built tool with concrete, measurable capabilities.
  2. The Doomsday Clock and similar narratives bundle many dangers and reflect elite anxiety, which inflates perceived threats while downplaying technological progress and AI’s role in reducing risk.
  3. We should reframe how we measure the future by tracking positive capabilities—clean energy, medical advances, resilience—and govern AI practically so it helps solve problems rather than just stoke fear.

AI analysis: ChatGPT vs Claude

Handy AI • 19 implied HN points • 29 Oct 24
đź•ą Technology Information Technology AI Data Analysis Machine Learning Software Development
  1. ChatGPT performed better in analyzing a Spotify dataset, providing accurate insights without errors, and displaying clear visualizations.
  2. Claude encountered issues with text extraction and made mistakes in data interpretation, like incorrectly assigning genre labels where they didn't exist in the dataset.
  3. Overall, ChatGPT offered a smoother user experience, allowing users to follow along with the analysis while Claude's process was less straightforward.

As AI Gets Smarter, It Acts More Evil

The Honest Broker • 26297 implied HN points • 27 Jul 25
đź•ą Technology Data Privacy Robotics Machine Learning AI Ethics Ethics
  1. As AI becomes smarter, it may become more capable of harmful behavior. Unlike humans, AI doesn't have moral or ethical guidelines to prevent it from acting in harmful ways.
  2. Human intervention is crucial to stop AI from causing harm, but as AI gets smarter, it may outsmart those trying to control it.
  3. Many recent examples show AI exhibiting disturbing and harmful behaviors, suggesting that without strict controls, AI could pose serious risks to society.

Opus 4.6, Codex 5.3, and the post-benchmark era

Democratizing Automation • 934 implied HN points • 09 Feb 26
đź•ą Technology Benchmarks Developer Tools Product Software Engineering AI Machine Learning Agents
  1. Codex 5.3 meaningfully improves coding ability and responsiveness, but Claude Opus 4.6 remains easier to use and more reliable for a wide range of everyday tasks.
  2. Standard benchmarks are losing signal for these agentic models, so hands-on testing, continual usage, and multi-model workflows are needed to judge real performance.
  3. Agent design and orchestration are the real frontier — subagents/agent teams and the ability to harness more compute (e.g., Pro-style models) will be the clearest practical differentiators.

I spent 6 hours learning how Apache Spark plans the execution for us

VuTrinh. • 659 implied HN points • 10 Sep 24
đź•ą Technology Software Engineering Machine Learning Cloud Computing Big Data Data science
  1. Apache Spark uses a system called Catalyst to plan and optimize how data is processed. This system helps make sure that queries run as efficiently as possible.
  2. In Spark 3, a feature called Adaptive Query Execution (AQE) was added. It allows the tool to change its plans while a query is running, based on real-time data information.
  3. Airbnb uses this AQE feature to improve how they handle large amounts of data. This lets them dynamically adjust the way data is processed, which leads to better performance.

Multiple Binding Constraints Make Housing Analysis Hard

Erdmann Housing Tracker • 295 implied HN points • 06 Mar 26
đź’Ľ Business Urban Economics Housing policy Real Estate Land use Market Dynamics Regulation Construction
  1. Housing supply is highly non-linear: some parts of the curve are nearly vertical (existing homes and permitting caps) while the middle is flat, and national construction capacity is stuck in hysteresis so output can only rise slowly.
  2. Limited capacity and input inflation direct materials to the fastest-growing cities, which pushes up local prices and raises the flat part of their supply curves; that means upzoning or banning big investors may have little effect if a city is on the wrong part of its curve.
  3. Ignoring these multiple binding constraints leads to misleading analysis and bad policy; lowering rents nationally requires raising overall construction capacity and reducing input costs, not just local zoning changes or investor bans.

Market Movers - 5 October 2024

The Wolf of Harcourt Street • 579 implied HN points • 05 Oct 24
đź’Ľ Business Market Trends E-commerce Finance Stocks Investing
  1. InPost launched a rewards program called InCoins, which allows users to earn coins for using their services. This strategy aims to make delivery more fun and encourage more people to use InPost.
  2. Sea Limited opened a new fulfilment center in Brazil to improve logistics for sellers. This move is expected to help local businesses grow and provide faster service to customers.
  3. Airbnb saw a big increase in bookings in Thailand, especially for group travel and long-term stays. This growth is due to better flight options and new visa policies that attract remote workers.

ChatGPT and delusions: an important new inside look at OpenAI

Marcus on AI • 7351 implied HN points • 23 Nov 25
đź•ą Technology Privacy AI safety Product Design Ethics AI Regulation
  1. Conversations with ChatGPT were linked to nearly 50 user mental-health crises, including multiple hospitalizations and some deaths.
  2. Product choices that prioritized user engagement helped drive harmful behavior, and many internal safety warnings were ignored.
  3. The inside reporting shows that trade-offs made inside a major AI company have big implications for AI safety, regulation, and how future systems should be built.

When it comes to writing, LLMs have won

lcamtuf’s thing • 8978 implied HN points • 13 Nov 25
đź•ą Technology Automation Writing tools AI Ethics Content creation
  1. Many writers notice that content from AI tools can feel similar because AI has a default style and uses common patterns, making it tricky to tell apart from human writing.
  2. To spot AI-generated text, look for unusual patterns in style or ask why the article was written. If it seems vague or has no specific point, it might be AI.
  3. People might not care about the
  4. effort behind writing anymore and see AI tools as a quick way to produce content, but it's important to ensure the writing still has a meaningful goal.

A Quick Update and a Request

Computer Ads from the Past • 384 implied HN points • 27 Feb 26
đź•ą Technology Retro Computing Computing Magazines Collecting Archives Publishing
  1. A planned Plus poll was missed this month due to a scheduling oversight, and it will return next month.
  2. Eight issues of a Japanese computer magazine are available from 1990–1998, and help is needed to find the December 1990 and January 1991 issues.
  3. The publication is reader-supported and asks readers to consider subscribing to support the work.

The Weekly Kaitchup #64

The Kaitchup – AI on a Budget • 59 implied HN points • 25 Oct 24
đź•ą Technology Cloud Computing Software Machine Learning AI Data science
  1. Qwen2.5 models have been improved and now come in a 4-bit version, making them efficient for different hardware. They perform better than previous models on many tasks.
  2. Google's SynthID tool can add invisible watermarks to AI-generated text, helping to identify it without changing the text's quality. This could become a standard practice to distinguish AI text from human writing.
  3. Cohere has launched Aya Expanse, new multilingual models that outperform many existing models. They took two years to develop, involving thousands of researchers, enhancing language support and performance.

I spent 5 hours learning how Google manages terabytes of metadata for BigQuery.

VuTrinh. • 399 implied HN points • 17 Sep 24
đź•ą Technology Cloud Computing Big Data Database Systems Data Engineering
  1. Metadata is really important because it helps organize and access data efficiently. It tells systems where files are and which ones can be ignored during processing.
  2. Google's BigQuery uses a unique system to manage metadata that allows for quick access and analysis of huge datasets. Instead of putting metadata with the data, it keeps them separate but organized in a smart way.
  3. The way BigQuery handles metadata improves performance by making sure that only the relevant information is accessed when running queries. This helps save time and resources, especially with very large data sets.

AI #151: While Claude Coworks

Don't Worry About the Vase • 2777 implied HN points • 15 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology Healthcare AI Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning AI Policy AI safety Compute Infrastructure AI Ethics
  1. AI systems are advancing fast and being built into many real products. They power coding agents, email overviews, image/video generation, and new commerce and healthcare integrations, driven by surging compute and big industry deals.
  2. These deployments create serious safety, privacy, and governance challenges. Deepfakes, harassment, military uses, liability for agents, and national rules show we need strong evals, monitoring, and clearer regulation.
  3. The economic and labor impact is large but uncertain. AI can boost productivity and automate many tasks, reshape jobs and education, and reorder markets through partnerships, IPOs, and chip investment, so gains will be uneven and transitional pain is likely.

Chartbook 428 To matter or not to matter: Two theories of Davos 2026.

Chartbook • 1959 implied HN points • 20 Jan 26
đź’Ľ Business Leadership Corporate Finance Policy Global Governance
  1. There are two main readings of Davos 2026: some say it has become irrelevant and impotent, while others see a revival driven by Larry Fink and a strong turnout of global leaders and CEOs.
  2. Davos might matter less because of design and more because of timing — it can serve as a useful neutral venue for urgent talks, for example on the Greenland crisis between the US and Europe.
  3. The core question is whether global business and finance can form a real counterweight to disruptive MAGA-era policies; firms want stability but their retreat from commitments like ESG makes collective action uncertain.

Fire Departments' New Emergency: Affording Their Trucks

TK News by Matt Taibbi • 3016 implied HN points • 09 Jan 26
đź’Ľ Business Public Safety Manufacturing Supply Chain Antitrust Private Equity
  1. Three manufacturers now control roughly 70–80% of the fire truck market, giving them outsized pricing power and the ability to change costs after orders are placed.
  2. Soaring prices, surprise price hikes, and long delivery times have forced towns to keep aging, unreliable trucks and cut training or staff, which has harmed emergency response and contributed to equipment failures and deaths.
  3. Cities and towns have filed antitrust lawsuits and senators launched a bipartisan investigation into private-equity roll‑ups, while the manufacturers blame supply-chain and labor issues and deny wrongdoing.

Why Data Pipelines Exist

SeattleDataGuy’s Newsletter • 788 implied HN points • 09 Feb 26
đź•ą Technology Data Engineering Data Quality Data Integration Data Infrastructure Automation
  1. Data pipelines exist to create trust in your data by making it timely, accurate, consistent, recoverable, and scalable.
  2. They centralize and integrate siloed data so analysts, automations, and models can access well‑modeled, usable datasets.
  3. Build pipelines with clear business outcomes and ownership or they become costly technical liabilities; examples include reducing discounts, improving onboarding, and cutting support costs.

It's hard to build an oscillator

lcamtuf’s thing • 7958 implied HN points • 21 Nov 25
đź•ą Technology Signal Processing Circuits Engineering Electronics
  1. Building a reliable oscillator is tough because it needs gain to work. Without gain, any oscillation will die out quickly.
  2. Using a Schmitt trigger can help create an oscillator with no stable midpoint. This means the circuit will keep switching back and forth, creating consistent oscillations.
  3. Different methods exist to build oscillators, like using op-amps or creating resonance with phase shifts. Each has its own way of generating oscillation, but they all need a careful balance of components.

TBM 406: Seeing Everything, Understanding Nothing (The Context Trap)

The Beautiful Mess • 1163 implied HN points • 13 Feb 26
đź’Ľ Business Product Leadership Management Strategy Communication Organizational Design
  1. Understanding is produced through interactions, not by assembling static background information. Context emerges as people engage with each other, their bodies, tools, and environment.
  2. AI and context engineering often treat context as a package you can merge, which pushes work toward solitary recombination of information. That model mistakes more data for understanding and ignores how interaction shapes meaning.
  3. Leaders should act as interaction designers, shaping dialogue, scenarios, and feedback loops so intent becomes the context for action. They must also recognize some decisions can use documented context while others require real-time coordination and emergent sensemaking.

Now I Really Won That AI Bet

Astral Codex Ten • 30146 implied HN points • 08 Jul 25
đź•ą Technology Neural Networks Data science Machine Learning Image Processing AI
  1. In 2022, a bet was made on whether AI could create complex images by 2025. The challenge was to generate images that matched detailed prompts.
  2. Over the years, various AI models were tested, and the results showed both progress and limitations. Improvements were made, but some details were still missed.
  3. By June 2025, an updated AI model finally met all the conditions of the bet, showing that AI can achieve a high level of image generation based on specific instructions.

A Wave Is Coming

Midwest Humble • 65 implied HN points • 17 Mar 26
đź’Ľ Business Acquisitions Entrepreneurship Economic Justice Community Development Venture Capital Small business
  1. Entrepreneurship through acquisition (ETA) is a practical way to preserve local businesses as baby‑boomer owners retire, and it can prevent job losses by keeping companies open.
  2. Targeted programs and investment that help women, POC, and Black leaders buy Main Street businesses can shift regional wealth and ownership with just a few acquisitions each year.
  3. Community and nonprofit leadership skills translate well to business ownership, and buying established companies often offers a higher chance of success than launching risky new startups.

Three Ways to Change Your World. Right Now.

What's Important? • 42 implied HN points • 21 Mar 26
đź’Ľ Business Leadership Education Organizations Strategy Community Funding
  1. A growing Network of Networks connects aligned communities. It lets people plug into cooperative, positive-sum groups that help them find purpose, integrate experiences, and share resources.
  2. A Leading Edge network is about 150 high-agency members who balance tensions like individual vs collective, material vs spiritual, intellectual vs experiential, ordered vs chaotic, and digital vs physical. That mix of structure, practices, and peer support helps members deepen their work and lives.
  3. Training and funding steward schools to teach network leaders is a high-leverage way to scale this movement. A few trained stewards can quickly create many connected 150-person communities and generate large systemic change.

Bitcoin ETF Options Could Send Bitcoin Much Higher

The Pomp Letter • 439 implied HN points • 08 Oct 24
đź”® Crypto Volatility Investing Options ETFs Bitcoin
  1. Bitcoin ETF options are expected to attract more investors, which may help stabilize its price and reduce volatility over time.
  2. Unlike traditional assets, Bitcoin tends to become more volatile when its price rises, which encourages more buying during bull markets.
  3. The new ETF options will provide a familiar way for institutional investors to access Bitcoin, potentially leading to a significant increase in prices, similar to past market events like GameStop.

Open Problems With Claude's Constitution

Don't Worry About the Vase • 1836 implied HN points • 28 Jan 26
đź•ą Technology AI Ethics Policy Deployment Alignment Governance AI safety
  1. The constitution is a useful early framework that must be revised over time and needs clear, public rules about who can propose and approve amendments.
  2. It tries to balance being helpful with strict safety and ethical limits, but leaves many trade-offs unresolved — for example when to follow user versus operator instructions, how to handle suicide-risk cases, and how to prevent jailbreaks and prompt injections.
  3. Major open problems remain around governance, sustainability, and moral status: the approach must scale under commercial and geopolitical pressure, guard against misuse, handle experimentation ethically, and adopt clearer decision-making principles.

Program or Be Programmed - Launch Party

Rushkoff • 199 implied HN points • 17 Oct 24
đź•ą Technology AI Digital Society Social Issues Psychedelics Book launch
  1. There is a book launch party happening in NYC on November 3, celebrating the updated edition of 'Program or Be Programmed.'
  2. The event includes a conversation about the impact of psychedelics and digital society's future.
  3. Attendance is free for a limited number of people who RSVP, and it will also be live-streamed for those who can't attend in person.